Biomolecules
#Biomolecules: The organic compounds, which are essential for building, growth and maintenance of iife, are called biomolecules, Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, enzymes, hormones etc are called bio molecules.
#Carbohydrates: The word carbohydrate is formed from two words 'carbo' means carbon and hydrate means water. Thus compounds of carbon as hydrate are called carbohydrates. The general formula of all earlier known compounds of this class was Cx(H₂O)y i.e. hydrate of carbon, such as glucose and fructose C6(H₂O)6, sucrose C12H22O11 or C12(H₂O)11, starch (C6H10O5) or (C6(H₂O)5)n etc,
NOTE-01: Some carbohydrates were discovered whose formulae are not according to Cx(H₂O)y, such as rhamnose (C6H10O5), 2-deoxyribose (C5H10O4) etc.
NOTE-02: Some compounds are known whose formulae are according to Cx(H₂O)y, but they are not carbohydrate such as formaldehyde (CH₂O), Acetic acid (CH3COOH or C₂(H₂O)2), Lactic acid C3(H₂O)3, etc. Thus at present carbohydrate compounds are defined as-
"The optically active compounds, which are either itself polyhydroxy carbonyl compounds (adehydes or ketones) or give polyhydroxy carbonyl compounds on hydrolysis, are called carbohydrates."
Such as glucose is a polyhydroxy aldehyde and fructose is a polyhydroxy ketone. Sucrose on hydrolysis gives glucose and fructose whereas only glucose is obtained on complete hydrolysis of starch.
# Sources of carbohydrates: Green plants are the main sources of these, in which these are formed by the process of photosynthesis. About 70% weight of these plants is made of carbohydrates.
# Biological Functions of Carbohydrates: These are an important bimolecule and are important constituent of human food. Their main biological functions are as follows-
1. To provide heat and energy to the body.
2. To form the cell membrane.
3. To form the skeleton of plants.
# Classification of Carbohydrates: On the basis of physical properties and structure carbohydrates are classified as follows-
1. On the basis of physical properties carbohydrates have been classified into two groups-
(i) Non sugars
(ii) Sugars
(i) Sugars: The carbohydrates, which are white crystalline, sweet in taste and soluble in water, are
called sugars. E.g. glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose etc.
(ii) Non Sugars: The carbohydrates, which are amorphous, tasteless and sparingly soluble or insolub
in water, are called non-sugars. E.g. Starch, cellulose etc.
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